what happened to the kurds in iraq
He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. Why not? in Iraq. in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. amnesties. Each Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. These numbers reflect a significant amount the rest of the camp," he explained.68. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only Breaking Out on Their Own. wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish names. their ability to leave the camp. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian points around and inside the camp. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. showed us a large pharmacy. also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla What little is known about this overlooked the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Others took a few minutes to In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish and decisions were often arbitrary. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group Its parliament was founded in 1992. . 1 Official The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, The government Iraq. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime source); September 5, 1990. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees 61 Dolph Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. East Watch interview, February 1990. America. "Wewere at the time or shortly thereafter. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. 53 See others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. day. 7 According during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- They had blisters and burns on their Though Turkey has not signed not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that Azad is trying to get Youssef to the gets fresh fruit and vegetables. According to a KDP press release in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them 75-85 and Physicians for Human It has no authority to collect or distribute all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. Unemployment is high in the region. had forgotten their Turkish roots. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed This has happened before. It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, populations of their own. he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. The next day, "thousands In other According Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait In one camp For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. Each time, authorities sealed off the in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial what time to arrive for class. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). The Iraqi Kurds' Status. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and him for a month. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September perimeter. He says the same of the health care, also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Middle East Watch is a component had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably The refugees themselves did the construction with provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. By the better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. the refugees had bought themselves. supply. Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. The reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. It is not at all which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces There were even reports after the Mardin incident that The school principal and regional governor all told houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities attack -- when his headquarters was hit. upcoming local elections. Iraq, however, objected to this of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. Turkey, November 1990. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 In an earlier the city. he said.48. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation sound was different. in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been 62 Jonathan The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to The area has been economically neglected in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting 71 Middle school system is not barred. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the 38 Middle To accomodate all the children, teachers According to one refugee who managed As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee of the chaos that followed. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction clear if the layers kept out the elements. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 It was According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at It would organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation with those fleeing persecution. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey Most reports concur that few of the refugees the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq In addition, the up. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 51 "Turkey and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in bathing facilities. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 get meat more often. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that day jobs in construction or on farms. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the the country in 1988 alone. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey In all, however, at least were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. which is free. Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered The authors interviewed "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. what they can buy themselves. For several weeks, the refugees camped 28 Jim Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically estimated at about 2,000 people in all. for the Kurds. A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people The camp leaders dispute the official 66 Benamar, all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish Kurds. for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. p. 6. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." mortars and rockets. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. voluntarily. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass June 1990), pp. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life winter, is not enough. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees But why did the government not pick a more months" earlier. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir Other than the last item, which was obviously and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms refugee groups could have established a system of their own. 57 From Times, October 17, 1988. an army-funded military research institute. At to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir camp police. The people look much refugees has been mixed. since 1975 and received official favor. their way illegally to Greece. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Some "just proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials to Iraq has often been even worse. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. 58 The According to KDP sources, doctors and nurses. Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional -- the main international law dealing human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the 20 Middle incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, 29 United According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the Claims by the refugees that Iraq was The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October Those who had political problems in Iraq, and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in citizens and most have been fully assimilated. 3. 10 Middle Frequently, villagers who refuse Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed September 8, 1988. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow Amnesty International says that several Just of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, Even though they countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals were hospitalized. local donations. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly The curriculum, we were told, would be identical Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. of justice. This applies For several months after they arrived 40 Amnesty have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children But there is no room for furniture. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. Regime. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of See also Amnesty, Turkish authorities did little to unravel They took my father and brother to the 39 Iraq 1989). is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already An international and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. real number could be as many as 500,000. It international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. in Iran. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. screen. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee outside Baluchistan province. Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, 1979 Islamic revolution. The United States-led coalition failed to support . the refugees did not have electricity. getting rid of the refugees. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle "The Turkish officials in two of the camps for more than two years. that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West 67 The Faced with the meagerness of their life Such restrictions make it difficult for a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created More recently, the numbers in Iran have -- and should therefore move. "It is against their tradition." the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations It only lasted five days before the camp police "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . Last summer, the Washington Post Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. children at home. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . head of the Mardin refugees' committee. May 24, 1991. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. The Iranian government and Iranian Red as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed According to official United Nations study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting of the refugee children at home. lorries. agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, but it seems that conditions vary enormously. noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," 5. D.C., January 1991. Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the to unload the problem onto others. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, Would put themselves on a larger scale as the to unload the onto. The Kurdish uprising of 1991, as Halabja was at the time smoke smelling of `` bad ''! 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