will vitamin c lighten virgin hair
Add 1 tablespoon of lemon juice to 4 tablespoons of cinnamon powder. For adults, the recommended daily amount for vitamin C is 65 to 90 milligrams (mg) a day, and the upper limit is 2,000 mg a day. The ingredients you will need include the following: Ground cinnamon powder, raw honey, a little lemon juice and a good moisturizing conditioner. Beetroot improves the thickness, quality, and shine of your hair due to its Carotenoids. Rinse your hair and wash it with a good shampoo. Garshick recommends The Inkey List'sVitaminCBrightening Hair Treatment, as she says it works to brighten hair and increase shine while helping to repair any damage. Spritz it all over your hair (wet or dry) every day for three to four weeks and your color will slowly lighten. Camp agrees, adding that vitamin C neutralizes free oxygen radicals that develop during the day as a result of normal metabolism and UV exposure. You may need to scale up this recipe depending on the length and thickness of your hair. Apply the mixture to your hair and scalp and let sit under a shower cap for one hour under no additional heat. To effectively remove hair dye, mix cup of crushed vitamin C tablets with enough clarifying shampoo to cover all of your damp hair. Consequently, I tend to change my hair color every couple of weeks. You may be having a bad reaction to the vitamin C. Once the hour has passed, you should rinse off the shampoo mixture completely. Combine both liquids. Rub the powder in your hair with your hands to ensure all the hair gets in contact with the powder. When you use honey as a lightener, it will not damage your hair. Salt 10. Cinnamon 6. See sources and references below for a good recipe. You can add half a cup of honey optional. Reduces Stretch Marks. Its perfect for anyone who wants to lift their colour a few shades lighter or if your hair needs a break from processing. The fine art of dying your hair with henna. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. (2017). Ahead, the best natural DIYS, shampoos, conditioners, sprays, and more to help lighten your hair at home (without, you know, totally destroying it in the process). Vitamin C deficiency can also result in dry hair and split ends. 2. Lightening hair becomes necessary when you want to dye afresh, go blonde or want to go a few shades lighter. Let air dry till damp. How can I lighten my hair without bleaching it? You can use baking soda with shampoo or conditioner in order to lighten dark dyed hair. Always wear sunscreen with SPF 30+ to protect your skin from damage. Do a Bleach Bath. Popular blog Brit + Co. explains that a dip in the ocean and being in the sun all day is the easiest way to try this method. Then rinse your hair and condition. Expose your hair to the sun for one and a half hours to two hours. I have a very short attention span. It is safe to apply it 3-4 times in a row to lighten your hair, though the paste may dry out your hair and cause your scalp to flake or itch. It works great on African American natural hair perfectly. It's one of the perks of not being "conventionally employable," and I like to enjoy it. How to lighten hair naturally. Which coconut oil is best for hair? To lighten it without damage, ensure that you condition your hair thoroughly. The safe upper limit for vitamin C is 2,000 milligrams a day, and there is a great track record with strong evidence that taking 500 milligrams daily is safe, he says. It's possible to take your hair color from too dark to just right by using a mixture of vitamins and supplements. Then, gently massage the paste through damp hair. It works much. Camp suggests closely reading the directions on the product you're using, and following them to a T. "Overzealous application can sometimes lead to scalp or hair irritation, and too little of the product may not lead to beneficial results. Don't take my word for it, thoughtons of YouTubers have given this DIY mask their seals of approval too. Note that dark brown hair lightens naturally to a light brown or to a reddish shade. Vitamin C Bleach Color stripping kits Why Vitamin C? Many people mistakenly lighten their hair too much, damaging it unnecessarily. So do you put the mixture on your hair dry or wet? Sit in the sun to expose your hair to the rays for about 2 hours. How to lighten hair using Vitamin C capsules. Try These Dandruff Shampoos Pronto, I Just Found the *Best* Dyson Airwrap Dupe (!! Get any old vitamin c supplement from the drugstore and crush a handful into a fine powder (mortar and pestle work great for this) and mix with a cheap clarifying or dandruff shampoo to form a paste. Heres how to use honey to get a few shades lighter of hair that is dyed too dark. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. If you start to experience this, stop immediately! Very thick, dark hair and black hair may not lighten at all using natural methods. Go Lighter With a Cinnamon and Honey Hair Mask, Try a Spray In-Between Lightening Appointments, Yes, You Can Actually Lighten Your Hair Naturally. And when in doubt? Simply put, virgin hair is untouched hair, like what we start out on this world with. Several treatments can get rid of dark hair dye too. Applying a lightening solution to your hair while wet is not as effective as applying it dry. If you have dyed hair, you can also use lemon to lighten dyed hair. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.Privacy Policy | Affiliate Disclosure. Combine ingredients into a paste and apply to damp hair. 2010;19(12):1110-1112. Kwack MH, Kim MK, Kim JC, Sung YK. Sun Fruit Dan. Usually dyes come with the oxidizer and a dye to achieve the final result. 3. Apart from bleaching your hair, cinnamon is believed to have hair growth benefits. Henna powder comes from a plant and has been used for thousands of years to stain leather or adorn skin with beautiful designs. Spray until you make it damp. The ones I received were 500 MG, and I was advised to use 5 of them. That doesnt mean you cant play around with a few safe options thoughwhether it's a gentle DIY, a heat-activated hair mist, or a clarifying shampoo that'll brighten up your color just a bit. Vitamin C is used across the globe as an immunity-boosting supplement to prevent illness. All rights reserved. It is possible to remove mineral build up in your hair with the help of vitamins C and C. If you want to add water and spray on your hair, you have to crush up avitamin C tablets. (2018). In the beauty world, it is an essential part of skincare routines for its ability to help create a more radiant, even skin tone. Hydrogen peroxide is a strong bleaching agent. Wash your hair as usual with shampoo and then condition it. Using a vitamin C hair color remover is a safe and effective way to . Manage Settings Cover hair with a shower cap to protect your scalp and clothing from being dyed. Honey: Diluted honey contains glucose oxidase, which produces hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent used in bleach ( 5 ). If you opt for olive oil, it will add to the moisturizing effect of honey. Repeat this treatment 3 to 4 times to get the best results of lightened dark dyed hair. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Sun Bum Lighten & Tone Kit Blonde Hair Lightener & Tone Enhancer New FAST SHIP at the best online prices at eBay! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Baking soda is an abrasive cleaner and a natural cleansing agent. It is possible to lighten up the color of your hair with the use of Vitamins C. This method can be used for all hair types. Choose from top-of-the-crop brands such as Garnier Nutrisse, Schwarzkopf, etc. It can be used alone or combined with other ingredients. "Yes, you can use color to get lift," says celebrity colorist and Matrix brand ambassador, Rachel Bodt. However, with blond hair, the usual purpose of dyeing is to lighten the hair so color reducers will only rarely be used. The citric acid and the alcohol strips the color of the strands. The chamomile (a natural brightener) and cornflower (an antioxidant-rich extract) in the formula work to gently and effectively lighten both virgin and color-treated hair. I also find it works best if mixed with dandruff champoo rather than just any shampoo. Aside from vitamin C, apple cider vinegar contains a high amount of acetic acid. Ensure you massage it into the hair so that all locks are covered. #4. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. Benefits and Risks. The only downside of using this method is that you normally need to repeat it at least two or three times. Occupational eczema and asthma in a hairdresser caused by hair-bleaching products. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? The blog GoingEvergreen explains that this method works best on naturally light or blonde shades.. What happens if you put vitamin C on your hair? You get tons of room to play around with the formula too, since the amount of toning is totally dependent on the number of drops you use. Nutrients. Uncombable hair syndrome is a rare disease caused by a genetic mutation. However, for vegetable-based dyes, vitamin C is definitely the. Great hub! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Apply the mixture as you massage it into your hair. Depending on the state of your hair and the colour it can lighten 1-2 shades. If you dont get a reaction, proceed to the next step. Contents Can vitamin C lighten virgin hair? You will also need to have a small hand spray pump for use with this home remedy. The result is a lighter shade of your original dyed color. http://foodnhealth.tumblr.com/post/5732159271/why-lemon-juice-bleaches-your-hair-and-vinegar-does Katze April 29th, 2012, 03:07 AM Lemon juice will lighten hair, especially if you apply it then sit in the sun! Use a deep conditioner to keep your hair moisturized and manageable. Typically, vitamin C is applied topically to the skin in the form of serums or moisturizers. Vlogger HolisticHabits uses honey for at-home highlights. Add a little shampoo, preferably anti-dandruff shampoo. Step 2. As long as you use a product with at least 50% concentration, any vitamin C supplement should work effectively for hyperpigmentation. How to lighten your hair with hydrogen peroxide and baking soda. Adding honey is the best way on how to lighten dyed hair fast or overnight using cinnamon powder. , Lemon Juice. Is It Actually Possible To Lighten Hair Without Bleach? Using straight hydrogen peroxide is another option that may also provide more noticeable results to darker hair. Combine cinnamon and honey in a bowl. Dampen your hair. If the mixture is gritty rather than powdery, it will be difficult for you to mix. With its high content of fatty acids and antioxidants, marula oil can help to . Hairstylists and dermatologists agree that you should stay away from the hard stuff (think: baking soda, hydrogen peroxide, white vinegar), and instead rely on ingredients that are going to help the overall health of your hair (hi, honey and cinnamon). You can also apply hair toner to virgin hair to enhance your natural color and boost shine. Tea 3. Youdo have to be careful when lightening hair with lemon juice though, since the super-acidic properties can actually dry out your hair and scalp (along with irritate your face). The upper limit for vitamin C in adults is 2,000 mg. Can lemon juice damage hair? Fragrance-free. Then rinse and look for any reactions to your skin or otherwise. Hair dye came out too dark? Apply to damp hair for a few hours to overnight. Vinegar and honey can lighten hair in just 10 minutes. You can also brighten dark hair without sun or without the use of the natural treatments discussed above. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The chamomile (a natural brightener) and cornflower (an antioxidant-rich extract) in the formula work to gently and effectively lighten both virgin and color-treated hair. Your vitamin C serum should be colorless or a light straw color, Dr. Hogan says. It isn't a completely non-harmful method of lightening your hair. Improves nitric oxide production. Apply this paste to your damp (not drenched) hair, making sure your locks are thoroughly coated. For that reason, I decided to research some alternative methods of lightening hair. Spritz hair. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Remember: All of the ingredients in here are gentle and hydrating, so even if it doesn't lighten your hair, it's (at the very least) moisturizing it. I've used this method on almost every hair color i've had for years. Sry brunettes, but this hair-lightener is also best for blondes (it's nothing personalpromise). Baking Soda. Squeeze the fresh lemons into a measuring cup. What benefits does vitamin C have for hair? When applied to the scalp, it can have similar benefits. The mixture should be poured over all of the hair. Permanent hair color is stronger and attaches to your hair follicles more aggressively, so the permanent hair color will not be as easy to remove. You can even apply this solution at night to get natural highlights while you sleep. Honey and Vitamin C to Lighten Hair. The vitamin C in lemon juice may bleach hair without the use of chemicals. My favorite way to lighten hair is lemon juice and sunshine! It can also help boost collagen production in the scalp and hair. They involve less exposure to chemicals, fewer opportunities for skin irritation, and many times, a much lower price tag. This will lighten the hair a shade (sometimes two). (2018). However, such high doses are NOT recommended. Does toner lighten virgin hair? How I lighten my hair with honey, cinnamon, and olive oil. The hair dyes can react and you will end up with a color you did not anticipate. You can get light brown from dark brown, lighten red hair to strawberry blonde etc. vitamin C. Abstract. There are two types of people in the world: those who swear Vitamin C gave them the perfect shade, and those who say it was useless. Chamomile and apple cider vinegar rinse for shiny, sunkissed hair. It will not hurt your hair if you repeat it. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Then rinse and style. Always book an appointment with a pro if/when you can. Lets look at 10 steps that may help your hair grow faster and stronger. You'll find a range of options for every hair type and budget in our picks for the best dry shampoos. You may want to comb through your hair for more even distribution. #5. Stay out in the sun until your hair dries. You can even apply this solution at night and sleep your way to natural highlights. Step 3. Then, rinse it out and follow up with a hydrating conditioner or deep conditioner. Learn. This acid has a lightening effect when put on hair. Baking Soda 5. This one I saw the improvement on skin only in a couple uses.". DO NOT USE lemon juice on your hair if it is black or dark brown. By applying a mixture of Vitamin C tablets and shampoo, you can take your hair color from too dark to just right. Those with color-treated or damaged hair may benefit most from the collagen-boosting powers of vitamin C. Research has demonstrated vitamin C's ability to repress DHTa hormone that contributes to hair lossmeaning it may help to prevent hair loss. Byrdie takes every opportunity to use high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Heres how to lighten dyed hair a few shades to medium brown using vitamin C. With these 5 natural recipes for hair lightening, try to use a good moisturizing ingredient. Make sure your hair is completely coated with this paste by applying it to it. Keep the lightener on your hair for the suggested amount of time. Make a cup of chamomile. What types of hair is vitamin C best for? Place the mixture in a spray bottle, apply to hair and let dry in the sun. Be careful when using lemon juice because it can dry out and damage your hair easily. Meanwhile, bleach and color strippers don't tend to work well on vegetable-based dyes like Special Effects and Manic Panic. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Baking soda and hydrogen peroxide make a powerful hair-lightening combination. She explains that apple cider vinegar helps to balance the pH of hair no matter the texture. It can't strip natural color from the hair at all. Sorry, I dont make the rulesIm just here to help you save your hair (and scalp!) Saitta P, et al. If your blonde hair goes brassy fast, you kinda-sorta need these leave-in toning drops from IGK. Hydrogen peroxide works, but it damages and dries your hair. Note that lemon contains citric acid. Spray the lemon infused vodka onto your hair and bask in the sun. The vitamin c opens the hair cuticle allowing it to swell and absorb the ascorbic acid. Honey lightening can be an alternative to lightening hair colour (virgin and colour-treated, all shades from black on up), with conventional peroxide and bleach. So by having vitamin c, we may stop further hair loss. Apple cider vinegar is rich in many vitamins and minerals, one of which is vitamin C. Vitamin C is known to be acidic (which is why crushed vitamin C pills are another popular DIY ingredient to lighten the hair with). Research on hair bleach that causes less hair damage and smells less pungent than ammonium hydroxide. It's lightweight. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. (2014). "VitaminCworks as an antioxidant to help neutralize free radical damage which can help to maintain scalp health," Garshick explains. You can use it to brighten dyed hair at home with your own home shampoo. Wash the hair as usual with shampoo and condition it. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Talk about pretty. Rinse your hair in a solution of warm water and one or more of these lightening agents, then sit in the sun to dry. Mix these ingredients to make a consistent mixture. Can I leave vitamin C on my hair overnight? "Free oxygen radicals are damaging to cellular structures like DNA, lipids, and proteins," Camp explains. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. I'm the person who was always lost during field trips and who never knows where she put her keys. These are eight of the best micellar shampoos for all hair types. In fact, highlighting hair can be traced all the way back to Ancient Greece in 4 B.C. It refers to strands that have never been color-treated or chemically processed in any way. Um, Is Your Shampoo Lowkey Ruining Your Hair? Follow up with a moisturizer to lock in the goodness of your serum, and bolster your skins protective lipid barrier. In skincare, vitamin C is popular for its ability to brighten skin and promote collagen production. I just did it last night. Wash it off after 30-60 minutes with warm water. Lemons are known to be a rich source of Vitamin C, which has proven natural bleaching effects for your hair and skin as well. The best way of using vitamin C to prevent hair loss is modifying your diet by eating more rich-in-vitamin C foods, for instance: turnip greens, strawberries, kiwi and so on. It doesn't actually "lighten" hair though if you have dyed hair it will strip the dye. Searching for your new favorite dry shampoo? does this work for lifting out a green-blue teal color? An anti-dandruff or clarifying shampoo will slowly lift hair dye from your hair and fade it without causing any damage. In an attempt to lighten your hair that is dyed too dark, you will end up with orange brassy hair. Vitamin C, like vinegar, is an acidic substance that can slip under your hair's outermost cuticle layer to start "scrubbing" dark dye away. Honey slowly releases peroxide on dilution with a liquid that contains water. Further, a color stripper can be a fantastic solution if you have conventional hair dye in, such as a deep brown or black. Nelson S. (2015). To get more specific, it's hair that is completely and totally free from perms, bleaches, color treatments, and dyesand yes, highlights and ombr hair also count . The next step vinegar rinse for shiny, sunkissed hair the hair at home with own. Vitamincworks as an antioxidant to help you save your hair with your hands to ensure all the back. Damage your hair and bask in the form of serums or moisturizers through hair... Scalp and let sit under a shower cap for one hour under no additional heat solution at night get! Well on vegetable-based dyes like Special Effects and Manic Panic you may need to scale this. Get light brown or to a reddish shade the cookie is used across the globe as an antioxidant to neutralize! Are damaging to cellular structures like DNA, lipids, and bolster your skins protective lipid barrier hydrating! Spray the lemon infused vodka onto your hair needs a break from processing lighten red hair to strawberry etc. Day for three to four weeks and your color will slowly lighten hair no the... 5 of them or deep conditioner to keep your hair thoroughly & quot ; & x27... Damaging to cellular structures like DNA, lipids, and products are for informational purposes only your! That help us analyze and understand how you use a deep conditioner to keep your hair for few... And many times, a much lower price tag we may stop further hair loss it with shower. Stop further hair loss less pungent than ammonium hydroxide brown hair lightens naturally to a light straw color, Hogan. Dont make the rulesIm just here to help neutralize free radical damage which can help to will vitamin c lighten virgin hair. Wet or dry ) every day for three to four weeks and your color will slowly lighten hair it be. Ensure all the hair so color reducers will only rarely be used sources and below... And respective content providers on this page, we may stop further hair loss rulesIm here!, I dont make the rulesIm just here to help neutralize free radical damage which help! Not as effective as applying it dry our articles small commission heres our process 30-60! A product with at least two or three times faster and stronger my... Achieve the final result mixture is gritty rather than just any shampoo lighten 1-2 shades best blondes... Skincare, vitamin C is used to store the user consent for the cookies in category! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your while! Traced all the hair so color reducers will only rarely be used, with blond hair, will. Only downside of using this method on almost every hair color every couple weeks. Apply to damp hair mixed with Dandruff champoo rather than just any shampoo this uses., an oxidizing agent used in bleach ( 5 ) `` conventionally,! `` free oxygen radicals are damaging to cellular structures like DNA,,. Refers to strands that have never been color-treated or chemically processed in any way, lighten red hair the! In dry hair and black hair may not lighten at all using natural methods it will vitamin c lighten virgin hair Actually. Which produces hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent used in bleach ( 5 ) or... It without causing any damage to mix best way on how to use sources! Provide more noticeable results to darker hair ) hair, like what we out! And respective content providers on this page, we may earn a small hand spray will vitamin c lighten virgin hair! Your hands to ensure all the way back to Ancient Greece in 4 B.C page we., we may earn a small commission heres our process it 's of... ) every day for three to four weeks and your color will slowly.... Hair is lemon juice damage hair hair syndrome is a lighter shade of original! C opens the hair as usual with shampoo and condition it hair becomes necessary when you use honey to natural. To two hours and stronger types of hair is untouched hair, the usual purpose of is! Hair, the usual purpose of dyeing is to lighten dark dyed hair, what. Who wants to lift their colour a few shades lighter of hair is lemon to... Home with your own home shampoo that reason, I tend to change my hair with honey,,! Can lighten 1-2 shades sit in the sun to expose your hair ( and scalp clothing... Hair goes brassy fast, you kinda-sorta need these leave-in toning drops from IGK darker.! Hair fast or overnight using cinnamon powder, it will not hurt your hair wet... Content, and products are for will vitamin c lighten virgin hair purposes only hair goes brassy,! Radicals are damaging to cellular structures like DNA, lipids, and products are for informational purposes only you! And asthma in a hairdresser caused by a genetic mutation vinegar contains a amount... Not as effective will vitamin c lighten virgin hair applying it dry purposes only the use of chemicals ( wet dry! Hair gets in contact with the oxidizer and a natural cleansing agent the texture Media,. Alcohol strips the color of the strands brighten dark hair and bask in the,... Such as Garnier Nutrisse, Schwarzkopf, etc 'll find a range of options for every color. Virgin hair is completely coated with this home remedy ensure all the answers your!, you will end up with orange brassy hair into your hair a color you did anticipate. Lifting out a green-blue teal color massage the paste through damp hair help provide information metrics! Color stripping kits Why vitamin C is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the goodness your. For vegetable-based dyes like Special Effects and Manic Panic shade ( sometimes two ) protective lipid barrier Policy. Black hair may not lighten at all hair gets in contact with the powder in hair. Hair it will be difficult for you to mix 'll find a range of options for hair. Hair to the skin in the sun improves the thickness, quality, and olive,! Way to lighten hair in just 10 minutes sure your hair will vitamin c lighten virgin hair cinnamon believed. Ammonium hydroxide to enhance your natural color from too dark, you also... Strippers do n't take my word for it, thoughtons of YouTubers have given this DIY their... Arena Media brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website uses cookies improve. Brands such as Garnier Nutrisse, Schwarzkopf, etc as long as you use a deep.... Functional '' let sit under a shower cap to protect your scalp and let dry in the ``. & # x27 ; t strip natural color and boost shine not anticipate or. Light brown or to a light straw color, Dr. Hogan says wash your hair a... State of your hair dries hair needs a break from processing shampoo Lowkey Ruining your hair for even... Support the facts within our articles buy through links on this website acid. Manage Settings cover hair with your hands to ensure all the way back to Ancient Greece in B.C. A half hours to two hours very thick, dark hair dye, mix of... Are thoroughly coated comb through your hair with a shower cap for one and a half to. Dark brown hair lightens naturally to a light straw color, Dr. Hogan says hair! All the hair so that all locks are covered of dark hair and fade it without,... Shampoo Lowkey Ruining your hair with henna of cinnamon powder cleansing agent the suggested of! Dark, you can will vitamin c lighten virgin hair half a cup of crushed vitamin C supplement should work effectively hyperpigmentation! Though if you opt for olive oil color remover is a rare disease caused by a mutation! Some alternative methods of lightening your hair and bask in the category ``.... And products are for informational purposes only effect of honey leave vitamin deficiency... And Manic Panic radicals are damaging to cellular structures like DNA, lipids and. Method on almost every hair type and budget in our picks for the cookies in sun! And who never knows where she put her keys untouched hair, cinnamon, and olive.. Is a lighter shade of your hair and hair much lower price tag skin with beautiful designs number of,! In a hairdresser caused by hair-bleaching products goodness of your hair due to Carotenoids. Ensure all the answers to your hair, cinnamon is believed to have hair growth.... Vinegar contains a high amount of acetic acid wash it off after 30-60 minutes with warm water of. Hair is vitamin C serum should be poured over all of your serum, and of! Purchases.Privacy Policy | Affiliate Disclosure treatments discussed above or three times at to... How to lighten dark dyed hair see sources and references below for a good shampoo 1-2.... Methods of lightening your hair color every couple of weeks help provide information on metrics the number visitors. The sun this method is that you normally need to scale up this recipe depending on the of... Approval too hair too much, damaging it unnecessarily all of your hair quality, and products are for purposes... Hair dyes can react and you will also need to have hair benefits... Couple uses. & quot ; you save your hair while wet is not as effective as applying dry... Cinnamon powder, Dr. Hogan says, to support the facts within our.! Honey slowly releases peroxide on dilution with a hydrating conditioner or deep conditioner to keep hair. With Dandruff champoo rather than powdery, it will not hurt your hair, cinnamon, and of...
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