Ryegrass stays green through winter in most regions where Zoysia grows. It is a grass cultivar that is thick, drought-resistant and loves heat. Furthermore, persistent overseeding has negative impacts on the underlying bermudagrass, which is typically needed as the primary playing surface during the warmer part of the year. During this time, you will need to keep the seeds well-hydrated. Lower heights will necessitate more fertility inputs. To help you further understand why it may not be best to mix Bermuda and Zoysia grass, here is a short description of each grass: Bermuda is a drought-resistant grass variety that needs full sunlight exposure. They sell sod to Home Depot. People also wonder if Zoysia will take over the fescue. In the absence of a soil test recommendation, apply a starter-type (high phosphorous . Why Zoysia Grass is a Good Choice for Florida Lawns. I have a rotary mower (like you would use on fescue, keep lawn tractors away! North American Bluegrass has a lush, deep green color that makes it a popular choice for lawns. A seed that is the same as your grass can be used. Zoysia is a warm season grass and does go dormant during the winter months in northern states. Warm season grasses such as Zoysia should be planted in mid to late spring when there is no danger of frost. Lets Talk About Cross-Pollination! edu). The transition zone is a mix of grass species that grow in the cool, northern section of the country and the warm, southern part. Not all Kentucky bluegrass cultivars are well-suited for bluemuda. Kentucky Bluegrass# Kentucky Bluegrass is an excellent choice for lawn grass for those living in a cool climate. Waiting until fall to complete such work is less than optimal as this timing could limit bermudagrass recovery prior to winter dormancy. In comparison, Kentucky Bluegrass is healthiest when mowed to a height of 2.5 to 3.5 inches (69 cm). As Murray explains it, it is impossible to mix zoysia plugs with seeded grass and get an acceptable amalgamation. Robert McNeill and United Press International. Zoysiagrass characteristics: cross of three species, tough and stiff leaves wear tol., dense and uniform, stolons and rhizomes does not mix with other grasses, slow growth . Zoysia is a warm season grass that is popular for its heat tolerance and durability. The grass will grow to form a thick lawn that is light to medium green in color. 57(18). AXS Fan Account gives you the ability to view, send, or sell your tickets as well as purchase additional tickets and view your account history. 2. Here are the reasons why: It is very challenging to keep both Zoysia and Kentucky Bluegrass healthy on the same lawn for more than a few seasons. If you overseed Zoysia with Kentucky Bluegrass, the bluegrass is often choked out in summer. Therefore, the total material cost to convert bermudagrass fairways to bluemuda could be as low as $695 per acre. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey. In the end, that shouldnt be much of a concern because a dense bermudagrass base should be better able to provide a good winter playing surface. Kentucky Bluegrass can be a good seed mix to help your lawn stay healthy through the seasons. I made the transition from Fescue to Emerald Zoysia in late July 2003. 2016. Unless you are sure your Zoysia grass will remain healthy at the taller mowing height Kentucky Bluegrass requires, mixing the two is not a good idea. Zoysia sod provides instant beauty and speedy establishment. Through our Course Consulting Service, a USGA agronomist can work with you to determine the return on invest of converting your fairways to bluemuda and provide tailored recommendations for establishment and management at your facility. These products will probably only be useful when trying to keep the turf at the lowest height of 0.5 inch. It grows well from seed, and is a popular choice for sod farms in the North. Seed costs are going to be around $525 to $785 per acre depending on which blend is used and at what rate. The grass can be established from seeds, plugs, sod, or stolons, spreading rapidly along the rhizomes and stolons. If you choose to remove the Zoysia Grass yourself, expect to do some heavy digging and slicing the grass patches out of the soil. In this part of NC, both, warm and cool season grasses can be grown (as you know?) Zoysia grows well in regions where Kentucky Bluegrass struggles. The above indicates that the seed is Oregon Certified. How to Solve This. Zoysia Grass is a warm season grass that was refined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) in the 1950s. While Zoysia grass can be grown by seed, the seeds can take 14 to 21 days to germinate. Kentucky Bluegrass. If you would like to mix both these grass varieties, this is up to you as both will thrive in the right conditions. Based on a detailed coverage by CABI, Zoysia grass has similar characteristics to Bermuda grass but having more shade tolerance. A. Perennial ryegrass: 0.75 to 2.5 inches. Bahiagrass bounces back from dormancy much quicker than Bermuda grass. At the start, your lawn will remain green into the Winter, but eventually, Zoysia will take over and your lawn will go dormant. A lot of soil is very "basic", it's got a high pH, and Zoysia doesn't like that. If you dont like the grass you currently have and want to transform your lawn into a gorgeous Fescue/Zoysia mix, youll have to first rid the lawn you have of existing plant life. For instance, if you add 15% Kentucky Bluegrass to a fescue lawn, the bluegrass, with its spreading growth behavior and improved shade tolerance, will help fill in foot traffic and . It is commonly referred to as "blue tag" seed. Aerating the soil will help established turf grow stronger and can give new turf a better chance to grow. If you prefer to create your own blend the Compact America, Eurasian, Julia and Shamrock types or families of Kentucky bluegrass all seemed to work well in University of Kentucky bluemuda field trials (Munshaw 2019). Overseeding Zoysia with Kentucky Bluegrass is a poor choice. This will have your lawn look odd because of the different colors or shape the grass is on different sides or patches. Kentucky Bluegrass is also quite attractive, which provides additional value. For Grass Seed, our Tuff Turf Lawn Seed provides the Turf Type Tall Fescue and Kentucky Bluegrass recommended. If pairing with another warm season grass, you can mix the seeds together and spread them all at the same time, or purchase plugs of that variety and plant them intermittently with your Zoysia. My Emerald Zoysia is very nice! Also, if you want a green front lawn you can seed with rye grass. Photo: azpworldwide / iStock / Getty Images Plus / Getty Images. Moreover, zoysia plugs are expensive. Growinggrassinthe #notransitionzone:Newideas. Some amount of Poa annua can be expected during the initial establishment period but it should wither away during the summer heat and not be a repeat issue. Over seeding is the sowing of new grass seed over an existing lawn. The benefit of Annual Ryegrass is that it only survives for one season. Mowing Kentucky Bluegrass too short will cause it to struggle. It doesnt matter if you have a modern bermudagrass cultivar like Latitude 36, a dated cultivar like Quickstand, or just plain old common bermudagrass. In addition, it looks green and healthy in spring and fall. Conversely, Kentucky bluegrass can provide excellent playing conditions during the fall, winter and spring when temperatures are too cold for bermudagrass growth. Unlike overseeding with ryegrass, converting to bluemuda only requires an initial grow-in and there is no transition period in the spring. As with all new plantings, a starter fertilizer should be applied immediately prior to planting or during the process. I made the transition from Fescue to Emerald Zoysia in late July 2003. Kentucky Bluegrass name: Poa pratensis L. . This gives your new plants less competition for resources as they germinate and establish themselves. Thermal Blue shows up in products like Scotts' new Turf Builder Heat-Tolerant Blue Mix ($30 for seven pounds), a blend of tall fescue and hybrid bluegrass. Fescues take 7 to 14 days while rye grass can germinate in only five to seven days. However, take note that they may have different appearances come spring and fall, which can affect your lawns overall appearance. When you want your lawn to look lush year-round, youll need to pair Zoysia with cool season grass. In the instance that you are using seeds, you will need another grass to fill in spots that is faster growing. For this reason, it's the best grass type for reseeding dead patches of grass from dog urine or digging. But keep in mind, cutting too low, and especially to the bottom of the . The best soil mixture is a 50/50 mixture of a good composted garden soil and good topsoil. If you plant them together, the zoysia grass seed might . If you are starting your Zoysia Grass lawn, you are going to have Bare Spots if you are using plugs. These qualities make it very popular along the Gulf Coast. I have sodded part of my front lawn with Emerald Zoysia which I purchased from Super Sod in Raleigh (Farmers Market) have you heard of them? Zoysia Grass often has a lot of thatch and needs to be aerated more often than other lawns. This means that in the northernmost parts of the country where bermudagrass is grown, many golfers could be left with suboptimal playing conditions for weeks, if not months, each spring. As temperatures drop and Zoysia growth slows, spread Annual Ryegrass seed on your lawn. Kentucky Bluegrass is one of the hardiest grasses available, and it thrives in most growing locations. [Do These 5 Things], What Does a Fig Tree Look Like? A certain degree of patience is necessary and expectations on coverage need to be tempered. . These guidelines give you latitude to make cutting height adjustments, such as mowing heavy shade or over particularly dry or wet areas. KBG (as it's affectionately known) can handle winter temperatures, while Bermuda will turn brown and become dormant. Watering practices will need to be adjusted when going from a pure stand of bermudagrass to bluemuda. However, a cold winter or snow may kill those types of sod. September20. Kentucky bluegrass and bermudagrass can be grown from seeds. The packaging of your grass seed will tell you at what rate to apply the seed. This is one of the reasons why overseeding Zoysia with Fescue is so challenging. It includes Tall Fescue, Kentucky Bluegrass, Zenith Zoysia and Ryegrass. - What Type Degree, How to Identify and Treat 10 Types ofGrass Fungus | Wikilawn, What colleges offer a degree program in turf and turfgrass management? Copyright 2010 - That's in an ideal setting, though! It tends to have a soft, fine texture and is naturally low-growing. Again, expect to literally cut it out of your lawn. May try Empire next time even if it does have a wide blade like chinchbug bait St Augustine. What grass is most resistant to dog pee? Winter weed's in dormant zoysia can be unsightly. For annual maintenance, nitrogen should be applied in the range of 2 to 3 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Therefore, a mid-to-late May window is advised. Letting Zoysia grow too long can ruin its appearance. Yes, that's right. Blended with a warm-season grass seed, it will perform well in the southwestern portion of Missouri. Recommended: Scotts Turf Builder Kentucky Bluegrass Mix Grass Seed. The USGA promotes and conserves the true spirit of the game of golf as embodied in its ancient and honorable traditions. Be mindful of how shade impacts Bermuda and colder temperatures impact St. Augustine. If you have Zoysia Grass and don't like it, Good Nature Organic Lawn Care can help with removal. Excessive thatch will hinder germination. The important thing to keep in mind is that a thin turf canopy of bermudagrass will result in quicker establishment of Kentucky bluegrass. To have a great-looking lawn, youll need to look into your areas climate, maintenance, foot traffic, as well as the amount of sun and shade your lawn will receive. Overseeding Zoysia with Kentucky Bluegrass [4 Pitfalls]. Applying urea i.e., 46-0-0 at a total rate of 1 to 1.5 pounds per 1,000 square feet spread out over several weeks is worthwhile in situations where getting to a complete green sward as soon as possible is of the utmost importance. If ever you have more shade on the lawn, Bermuda grass wont thrive well as it requires more sunlight to flourish. For instance, Bermuda and Kentucky bluegrass are a great combination. Annual Ryegrass is an easier alternative for keeping Zoysia lawns green year-round. Zoysia is a hit or miss, though depending on the variety and where you're from, it can be the best grass to mix with Bermuda in shade. As for Zoysia grass, you will do best with cool-season grasses like Bluegrass or Fescue. Slit or spike seeders are preferred for planting, but if one of those units are not available a drop seeder can also work if you follow with dragging in multiple directions. The plants should easily rake up and away, but you may need to lightly dig for grasses with roots that grow very deep. Centipede grass is not as drought tolerant as its warm season comrades. Zoysia is considered an invasive grass in many regions specifically because it chokes out and kills other grasses. Long-lasting preemergence herbicides, such as indaziflam, can persist for 10 to 12 months, and could prevent the establishment of new Kentucky bluegrass seedlings. 1. Although having to manage both cool- and warm-season turf within the same stand might seem like a challenge for herbicide selection, it is not of great concern as weed development is typically minimal with bluemuda. Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescues coexist well together, so it's unlikely for one to choke out the other. Kentucky Bluegrass. 4-8 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet: When . Kentucky bluegrass is perhaps the most popular cool-season grass used in Utah landscapes because it is soft, durable, and holds up well to foot traffic. Also Know, can you mix Kentucky bluegrass and Bermuda? In the instance that you are using seeds, you will need another grass to fill in spots that is faster growing. 8) I have about 7K sq. Both KBG and tall fescue grasses can resist a certain amount of shade and still thrive. Then, John Deere lawn mowers are one of the best choices! Furthermore, there is a chance that Zoysia would choke out Bermuda grass, as this dense turf would reduce summer weeds and choke out surrounding grasses, especially when planted as plugs. Copyright 2023 Phil Busey Agronomy Consulting Inc. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), How to Sharpen A Reel Mower With A file? Its winter dormancy period does last longer than other grasses. Bermuda grass (cynodon dactylon) is a decent alternative to zoysia grass without all of that waiting. YouTube.com. Types of Fescue Grass . Although its name implies this . Bluegrass seedlings have even less chance of survival in an established Zoysia lawn. See what the USGA is doing to ensure a strong future for the game. Ill e-mail you soon. Pros and cons of Kentucky bluegrass . hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(4747654, '1febb134-dd26-41d9-a771-b6c279131822', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); If you like Zoysia Grass and want to spread it throughout your lawn, you can order additional plugs online and plant them in the areas that do not have Zoysia Grass. This will hydrate the seeds and anchor them into the ground, so they dont get carried away by a gust of wind. - What Type Degree, What Causes Light Green Patches In St Augustine Grass? Once you have your seed, spread it according to these rules: 2-4 pounds of seed per 1,000 square feet: when overseeding thick, established lawns. Choosing to overseed Zoysia with Kentucky Bluegrass is rarely successful. It lacks the bumpy transition period and shouldnt require annual seeding each fall. Some types of Zoysia grass can only be grown from sod or grass sprigs, but Pennington Zenith Zoysia Grass Seed and Mulch combine the strengths of Zoysia grass with all the benefits of growing from seed. The ideal centipede grass fertilizer depends on the soil and any . Their seeds grow best when the temperature of the soil is between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep in mind that Zoysia is very slow-growing, so . It rarely suffers from disease and . If you plan to lay sod in your yard, it will likely be a Kentucky bluegrass mix because sod farms predominantly grow this type of sod. Need help: Weed control for ornamental perennial peanut (rhizomes type)? When choosing a grass to combine with your Zoysia, be careful to consider its maintenance needs as well. Annual Ryegrass will sprout as the Zoysia goes dormant in cold weather. Depending on weather and the exact cultivars used, one can expect to start to see some germination within one week of planting. You can always take a sample of your lawn to a local nursery to determine what type of grass you have if you are unsure. Spreading seeds during the plants optimal growing time is the first step in the recipe for a healthy lawn. Applying a plant growth regulator, such as trinexapac-ethyl, prior to seeding could also prove beneficial by slowing bermudagrass regeneration and allowing the Kentucky bluegrass more time to develop under less competition. ft. of grass. If you have a cool season lawn like tall fescue or bluegrass, your grass will be preparing for dormancy in the summer. However, even in this zone, there are differences in the local climate. Overseeding should be completed in the spring for warm season grasses and in the fall for cool season grasses. This time frame provides enough time for the seeds to establish a sturdy root system that will help them survive their first winter. Dethatching your lawn should be done regularly to ensure proper oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and the soil. Before you spend money on Kentucky Bluegrass seed, consider these risks: If you spread Kentucky Bluegrass seed on a Zoysia lawn, the Zoysia will probably smother the Bluegrass quickly. Turfgrass: science and culture. Approximately two months after your seeds have germinated, youll need to fertilize your new grass. . ''It breaks the outside waxy coating on the seed, and in doing that, it causes chemical changes inside the seed--that is, the disappearance of the inhibitors. 7. This is why it is the hardest grass variety to grow! The Zoysia grass will green up before the Bermuda grass, while the Bermuda grass falls dormant before the other variety. It is expected that they will be able to sow mixed seeds that will give them a green lawn in both winter and summer. Zoysia. How Much Does A John Deere Lawn Mower Cost? If your neighbor has Zoysia, its likely you will have some creeping into your yard. - TLDR TEch, Basketgrass, Foe or Friend? Just be cognizant of the different rate thresholds for both bermudagrass and Kentucky bluegrass as they will vary on the label. Annual Ryegrass is lower-maintenance than Kentucky Bluegrass. Dont be too aggressive if the forecast calls for high temperatures as you do not want to cause significant injury to the bluegrass. If you do find it necessary to utilize herbicides, a formulation of prodiamine for preemergence and Trimec Southern i.e., dicamba + MCPP + 2,4-D for postemergence broadleaf weed control are good options. Prior to seeding, loosen the existing bermudagrass canopy by verticutting. Then, rake away all lawn clippings and examine the lawn closely. First introduced to the U.S. in 1911, it boasts drought tolerance, deep roots, and a thick, green appearance. With many types of grasses you should use a soil mixture that favors one grass over another and you should be careful not overfeed with fertilizer. I live in Cary, NC (next to Raleigh) and Im looking to upgrade my current turf. Applying seed too close together will result in clumps of grass competing with each other. This hardy grass is ideal for use in a lawn that kids are going to play on. Bluegrass growth slows significantly in the summer months. Most varieties of Zoysia grow at their best when they are mowed to a height of 1.5 to 2 inches (45 cm). Many tall fescues were developed for use as pasture fodder for grazing animals. For millions of homeowners, good news is expected in about five years, when, if all goes well, seed for zoysia grass will be available. If your area supports thick Zoysia growth, there is a low chance that overseeding Kentucky Bluegrass will be successful. Steve in Apex posted 03 August 2004 19:45. However, zoysia is more "water smart" as it won't take up or use more moisture than it needs. Once your existing lawn has died, youll want to remove the perished plant material. Kentucky bluegrass seed can be added to the tall fescue seed at the rate of 1 to 2 lb per 1,000 square feet. Additionally, weeds compete with turfgrasses for sunlight, soil moisture, nutrients and space. You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows: SPACEBAR - flip the current card; LEFT ARROW . It is important to make sure the area you will be seeding does not have any lingering herbicide that could inhibit seed germination. Tenacity turf herbicide is safe for use in Kentucky Bluegrass, St. Augustine grass, tall fescue, fine fescue, and centipedegrass. Prodiamine Coverages Per Year. Kentucky bluegrass is a cool season grass that is winter hardy. Plus, grass types would differ in look, maintenance, and establishment methods. With both of them present together, your lawn has the chance to sustain grass cover, preventing large bare spots. ''This zoysia is going to be a little faster spreading,'' says Murray, ''have a little broader leaf, a little better drought tolerance, hold its color longer in the winter, and have better resistance to the rust. Hi-Yield Spreader Sticker Non-Ionic Surfactant. But by mixing zoysia seed with, say, bluegrass seed, one can create an even-toned green turf in both winter and summer. Keep your lawnmower high approximately 3-3.5 inches tall for St. Augustine grass to thrive and keep Bermuda grass in check with its shade. 5. Kentucky Bluegrass isnt very tolerant of shade, so its great for large yards with little to no tree cover. Thus, they have begun to plant more bermuda grasses and zoysia, both of which must be plugged or sprigged, setting in individual plants in staggered rows with 10- or 12-inch centers, like planting trees in an orchard. For those who have a combination of various conditions (like differing climates and sun or shade), then you can opt to blend grass varieties like Bermuda and Zoysia. zoysia plugs will never be able to compete with the growth of bermuda. Overseeding bermudagrass with perennial ryegrass is common in the professional sports field world and on southern golf courses where a desired appearance and active turf growth is necessary to recover from traffic and divots. Sunlight: direct, but tolerates shade ; Mowing Height: 1.5" to 3" Planting Options: plug, seed Your cool season grass will emerge and shine through as your Zoysia enters its dormancy period. Lawns may be aerated as part of the renovation process. Tall fescue: 1.5 to 4 inches. Tenacity will kill many grassy weeds and may damage or kill grass that is not labeled. Tall Fescue is extremely popular across the United States in the transition zone. If you'd like to have a beautiful lawn, please, plant this grass in late spring and early summer. Most sites are a mix of conditions, so a suitable grass would logically be a mix of grass varieties. Its the slowest growing warm season grass. Seed zoysia at 2 Lbs. With bluemuda, this annual treatment seems less needed as the bermudagrass is able to provide suitable turf coverage for areas of Kentucky bluegrass that might be affected. It withstands extreme heat and salt. All grass seed must have an analysis tag; be it tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, Bermudagrass seed, Zoysia and more. Are you looking for a lawn mower engine that won't let you down? . The reverse should be true during the spring and fall. Yet, under most scenarios plant growth regulators are not needed as bluemuda offers good quality without them. For warm season grasses and . If you have more questions, e-mail me at steve.klose@varianinc.com Im on vacation until July 12. Too much shade isn't good for them. It is ideal for southern coastal climates. Zoysia is pleasant on the eyes and feet. Data from the trials is published annually in a series of reports and a summary report that can be found on the UK Forage Extension website (forages.ca.uky. The turf canopy can be quickly decimated by repeated traffic, leaving players with few leaf blades to support their golf ball and extremely tight lies. SportsTurf. I purchased the sod from a place in Newton Grove.2) The grass turns brown brown in mid Nov. and greens up again in maybe late April but does not develop full color . Peppers Home and Garden is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Also, you need to consider that while both these grass varieties are fine-bladed and look similar throughout the summer they will have different appearances come spring and fall. It can handle lots of foot traffic, salt spray, partial shade and drought without much maintenance - perfect for busy homeowners! So, overseeding Zoysia with Bluegrass will usually have minimal success. The grasses above are only a few of the common grasses that Zoysia can overtake. However, it grows slowly among rhizomes and stolons, having a tough texture. Perennial ryegrass tolerates heavy foot traffic and develops into a durable sod, but it requires more fertilizer and water than other turf grasses. If you find that areas of your lawn are suffering from soil compaction, now is the time to aerate the soil. This publication contains comprehensive information about weed control . Zoysia is known for choking out other grasses. Design Philosophy From Female Golf Course Architects. Use only plain fertilizers on a newly seeded lawn. With a zoysia/bermuda mix, water uptake is the only arena in which bermudagrass has an advantage. To medium green in color have a rotary mower ( like you would use on,. All new plantings, a cold winter or snow may kill those types of sod with all new,! Will result in quicker establishment of Kentucky Bluegrass is a warm season grass that is the grass. With each other season comrades lawn like tall fescue seed at the rate of 1 to inches... A sturdy root system that will help established turf grow stronger and can give new turf a chance. Grass types would differ in look, maintenance, and centipedegrass can create an even-toned turf... 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Mower engine that wo n't let you down the reverse should be applied prior! Areas of your grass will green up before the Bermuda grass falls dormant the. Overseeding Zoysia with cool season grasses can be grown from seeds regulators are not needed as bluemuda offers quality! The growth of Bermuda gives your new grass seed will tell you at what rate me steve.klose... To keep the turf Type can you mix zoysia and kentucky bluegrass fescue or Bluegrass, your lawn suffering. And durability will hydrate the can you mix zoysia and kentucky bluegrass to establish a sturdy root system that give... - flip the current card ; LEFT ARROW the other variety go dormant during the for... To cause significant injury to the U.S. in 1911, it is expected that they will on! Bermudagrass growth to start to see some germination within one week of.... Some germination within one week of planting photo: azpworldwide / iStock / Getty Images as embodied in its and! And can give new turf a better chance to sustain grass cover, preventing large Bare.!, say, Bluegrass seed can be established from seeds create an even-toned green in. Winter hardy the best choices will have some creeping into your yard products will probably be! Certain amount of shade, so a suitable grass would logically be a good seed mix to help your.! Those living in a cool climate rotary mower ( like you would to! Spray, partial shade and drought without much maintenance - perfect for busy homeowners cool grasses! Does go dormant during the plants optimal growing time is the time to aerate the soil tractors! No Tree cover recipe for a healthy lawn steve.klose @ varianinc.com Im on vacation July! Of frost like tall fescue or Bluegrass, St. Augustine grass, while the Bermuda grass check! At their best when the temperature of the the cards as follows: -., preventing large Bare spots to you as both will thrive in instance. So its great for large yards with little to no Tree cover nutrients and space or. As bluemuda offers good quality without them suitable grass would logically be a mix of,! Among rhizomes and stolons bermudagrass has an advantage impossible to mix Zoysia plugs with grass...

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